EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF WATER RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEPALPUR TAHSIL OF INDORE DISTRICT (M.P.) D.KAUR, V.AGRAWAL, S.SOHANI & M.PANDEY Geography Department, Govt. Art & Commerce College, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore.

1. 0      INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy but owing to the sedentary methods of cultivation and population pressure, agriculture is not business proposition for farmers but living way of life.  There is dynamic change in land use pattern and carrying capacity of land due to rapid increase in population.  The carrying capacity of land express the resultant ratio between productive and environment resistance.  Sustainable development of an area is based on optimum use of available resources but sustainability does not mean nearly increase in productivity it also includes a systematic, accurate and update assessment of land water resource.  In predominant agricultural area the evaluation of hydrological system and its monitoring is essential for water resource utilization and management. 2.0       OBJECTIVE OF THE  STUDY The objective of present study is – 1. To identify and characterize hierarchy of hydrological units. 2. To evaluate the aspects of relationship between existing water use and water potential in the area. 3. Plan should be built to minimize gap and recharge the under ground water level. 3.0      STUDY AREA Depalpur Tahsil situated in northwest part of Indore District.  The Tahsil lies between 22 o 37’ to 23 o 05’ north latitudes and 75 o 25’ to 75 o 45’ east longitudes.  It covers an area of 1022.2 sq. km.  having 173 inhabited villages and three towns.  It attains an average height of 519 Mts. above sea level.  Depalpur Tahsil is inhabited by population of 1,64,735 person according to 1991 census.

The major rivers draining the area are Gambhir in the east and Chambal in the west flowing south to north.  Gambhir river, forms boundary between Depalpur and Sanwer, while Chambal River in the west forms boundary between Depalpur and Dhar District.  The other flow is Barnadi  Nala which is flowing parallel to Gambhir in the eastern part and drains its water in the Gambhir. 4.0     DATABASE & METHODOLOGY For present study primary and secondary sources of data has been used.  SOI topo sheet no.46 N/5, 46 N/9, 46 N/10 and 46 N/11 and IRS LISS III Sept. 1998 is used to acquire land and water resource data. Drainage network analysis has been done on the basis Strahler’s method of ranking, bifurcation ratio, length ratio and watershed area has been calculated.  The slope of the area is analyzed by Wentworth’s method.  50 villages were selected randomly according to slop gradient.  Data pertaining to the hand pumps, power pumps, dug wells and tanks have been acquired from the field to analyses the working and seasonal status of underground water resource.  For sustainable agricultural development and planning artificial recharge methods are induced. 5.0 GEOLOGY OF THE AREA Malwa plateau consists of horizontally disposed basaltic lava flows: 14 basaltic lava flows have been identified between the altitude of 480 to 700 metres above MSL.  The numbering of flows was done from oldest flow as F1 to the younger flows F2, F3 …. F14.  In Depalpur Tahsil about 10 flows (F2-F11) are exposed.  The flow number 2 and 3 are mainly confined to lower regions, while flow no 7 to 11 forms elevated land.  Therefore the flows 4,5 and 6 which forms the plain area are important from recharge perspective. 6.0      GEOHYDRO MORPHOLOGY Geo-hydro morphological map of Depalpur Tahsil is based on satellite imagery of the area:- The occurrence of ground water can be divided into following zones :-

1. Sub Surface Zone – Depth of ground water in this zone is 6 metres, having poor availability of water. 2. Intermediate, Weathered Aquifer Zone ­- This zone is located at a depth of 15-38 metres.  It is potential zone but due to over exploitation, it dries up in summer. 3. Confined Aquifer Zone - Most of the villages are located in this zone.  This zone is most prominent and potential zone found at the depth of 140 mts. 4. Valley Fill Zone - In this zone water availability is poor due to limited thickness and unconsolidated weathered material in Chambal basin. 7.0 GROUND WATER EVALUATION On the basis of amount of rainfall and drainage network analysis ground water evaluation has been done.  The area is having rainfall of 713.0 m. m.  and water table fluctuation is 16.48 metres.  Total recharge is 98.64 m. c. m.  on the basis of hydro-geological analysis following conclusions have been drawn – (i) Specific yield 2 to 4 %. (ii) Average water recharge 35.14 metre. (iii) Ground water recharge 98.64 m. c. m. (iv) Annual Ground Water draft – 1.40 m. c. m. (v) Ground water balance negative The total draft in the area is 102.60 m. c. m. and future development is nil.  This gives initiative to recharge schemes in the area so that aquifer in the problematic areas is recharged.  According to the slope gradient 50 villages have been randomly selected.  This will help in improving existing yield of source and new sources can be developed at suitable sites.

8.0 DRAINAGE NETWORK ANALYSIS  In Depalpur Tahsil three drainage systems and developed south to north and are parallel to each other.  The map shows that western and eastern boundaries are made by Chambal and Gambhir  River.  The drainage network analysis has been done on the basis of Strahlor’s method of ranking and then drainage density, bifurcation ratio length ratio and area of different drainage system have been calculated.  The Table No. 1, 2, 3 shows that Chambal River covers maximum area (260.50 sq. km.) followed by Gambhir 238.0 sq. km. and Barnadi nala 180 sq. km.  In the same way highest density is 2.07 per sq. km. is of chambal River and density of Gambhir is 1.2 per sq. km. followed by density of Barnadi nala 0.98 per sq. km. CHAMBAL RIVER The map shows the ranking orders of drainage system in Depalpur Tahsil.  Five ranking orders have been found in Chambal network.  The amount of stream segments in first and second order is same (22) and in third order stream segments are about 54 percent of first and second orders.  The number of stream segment is reducing as order is increasing.  Total length of all stream segments at Chambal river is 541.65 km.  The inverse relationship in the length and rank order segments has been found.  The length of segments varies from 253.15 km to 28.0   km. TABLE –1 Stream Order No.  of Stream Segment Bifurcation Ratio Km. Total Length Km. Mean Length Of Segment Cumulative Mean Length Km. Length Ratio Km. Area Sq. Km. Drainage Density Per sq. Km. 1. 22 1 253.15 11.50 11.50 1.67 - - 2. 22 1.83 150.75 6.85 18.35 1.37 - - 3. 12 1.50 63.5 5.29 23.64 1.37 - - 4. 8 1.33 46.25 5.78 29.42 1.65 - - 5. 6 - 28.00 4.66 34.08 - - - Total 541.65 260.50 2.07

Maximum length is in first order segments followed by 2,3 and 4 order. In 5 rank order length is very small. The relief ratio varies from 0-0.015 to 0.061-0.075  which expresses the low gradient.  The Bifurcation ratio varies from 1 to 1.33  which expresses that geological structure do not distort the drainage pattern.  The mean length ratio also shows low variance 1.65 to 1.67. GAMBHIR RIVER The table 2 shows the analysis of drainage system of Gambhir river.  Like Chambal river, there are five rank order in Gambhir network.  The total area of Gambhir drainage system is 238.0 sq. km.   Maximum number of segments are in first and second order.  The number of stream segments in third rank order is less than fourth order segments.  The number of stream segment is reducing as the order is increasing.  The total length of segment varies 9.5 to 116.2 km.  Length of fourth order segment is more than the length of third order segment.  The bifurcation ratio and length ratio also has been analyzed.  The bifurcation ratio ranges from 0.71 to 2.33 that indicates the variation in different segments.  The variation in length ratio is (0.63 to 2.15).  The mean length ratio shows low variation.  The relief ratio varies from .0.015-0.046 to 0.060 which also expresses low gradient TABLE  2 Stream Order No. of Stream Segment Bifurcation Ratio Km. Total Length Km. Mean Length Of Segment Cumulative Mean Length Km. Length Ratio Km. Area Sq. Km. Drainage Density Per sq. Km. 1. 14 1.07 116.2 8.3 8.3 1.40 - - 2. 13 2.60 77.1 5.9 14.2 1.63 - - 3. 5 0.71 47.2 9.4 23.6 1.38 - - 4. 7 2.33 48.25 6.8 30.4 2.15 - - 5. 3 - 9.5 3.11 33.56 - - - Total 298.25 238 1.25

BARNADI NALA Table number 3 shows the analysis of Barnadi Nala, which is parallel of Gambhir and flowing south to north and draining its water into Gambhir River.  The total area of nala network is 180 sq. km. and drainage density is 0.98 per sq. kms.  The number of segments in first order is maximum but decline rate in second, third order is high (14 and 3).  Bifurcation ratio analysis also shows great variation.  The length ratio varies 0.57 to 15.0, which clearly shows the inverse relationship in length and rank order. TABLE  3 Stream Order No.  of Stream Segment Bifurcation Ratio Km. Total Length Km. Mean Length Of Segment Cumulative Mean Length Length Ratio Km. Area Sq. Km. Drainage Density Per Sq. Km. 1 63 4.50 87 1.38 1.38 0.57 - - 2 14 4.66 36 2.57 3.95 0.23 - - 3 3 30 39 13.00 16.95 0.86 - - 4. 1 1 15 15.00 31.95 15.0 - - 5. 1 - 1 1.00 32.95 - - - Total 178 180 0.98

9.0    PRE AND POST MONSOON CONDITIONS (1988 & 2000) Fifty villages have been selected randomly according to slope gradient to analyze ground water potential in Depalpur Tahsil.  Data pertaining to hand pumps, power pumps, dug wells, tube wells and tanks have been acquired from field to analyse the working and non-working seasonal status of under ground water level.  On the basis of pre and post monsoon (1988 and 2000) data analysis, water contours are drawn on the map.  If we compare these contours, lot of fluctuation in water level has been found.  The map shows that water contours of pre monsoon (1988) are running parallel to the central part of the region and depth of water contours are increasing in the western part.  The water contours having depth of 11 & 12 metres are running parallel from northwest to southeast.  If we compare the water contours of pre monsoon 2000 with water contours of 1988, approximately ten times increase have been denoted.  The central southern part shows similarity in depth of under ground water resources. The map shows the depth contours of ground water of post monsoon 1988.   The pattern and values are totally changed.  In the northern part water depth contours are running in circular form than parallel west to east in central part of region.  In central western part of the region, the depth of water ranges 4 to 9 metres and minimum distance between contours expresses fast rate of fluctuation in the depth of ground water.  After twelve years (2000) the depth of water contours increases ten times approximately and pattern of water contours is almost same. For sustainable development and planning primary data from 50 villagers have been collected.  Analysis of the data expresses that agricultural land in these villages are 70 to 74 per cent of the total area.  Ground water level and irrigated area has been correlated.  Out of fifty villages only three villages Barsi (59.73), Manpura (51.41) and Gokalpur (51.49) have irrigated area more than 50 per cent.  Villages Medat, Bajepur and Kundara have irrigated area 48.42, 48.24 and 48.93 per cent respectively.  Nine villages falls in the category of 21-30 per cent and eight villages are in 31-40 per cent category respectively.  Maximum 23 villages are in the category of 11-20 and 7 villages are having lease irrigated area.  To strengthen the ground water potential following artificial recharge methods are induced as given below: -

Artificial Recharge Methods:  - Artificial recharge is achieved by three methods: - 1) Spreading 2) Induced 3) Injection The suitability of a particular method is based on the hydrological conditions, quality of source water.  Proposed use of recharge water as given below: - 1. Spreading method:  Highly permeable surface formation shallow aquifers deep aquifers with permeable over     burden source water of inferior quality. 2. Induced method: Aquifers with limited storage capacity. 3. Injection method: Deep aquifer’s with impermeable over burden 10.0      CONCLUSION Due to rapid rate of growth of population, industrialization and over exploitation for agriculture purpose has generated the scarcity of ground water.  Following conclusions have been drawn from the analysis – 1. The occurrence of ground water is categorized in four zones – (i) Subsurface Zone (4-6 mts.)  (ii) intermediate weathered aquifer (15-45 mts.)  (iii) Confined aquifer zone (135 mts) and valley fill zone.

2.       The rock type in the area is horizontal in nature and average depth of lava is around 18 to 20 metres. 3.       The junction of lineament is potential area of water exploration. 4.       The total anticipating area is 98.64 and water table fluctuation is 15.80. 5.       The area located in first and second order have runoff more than 76%. 6.        Five Stream order has been worked out which are gentle in slope. 7.     For the development of irrigation infrastructure artificial recharge method are induced to strengthen ground water potential. 11.0    REFERENCE: 1. Went Worth C.K. 1930 - A simplified method for determining the average slope of land surface Amer Journ        Science.20 PP 184-194. 2. Wadia  D.N. 1983 - Geology of India Mc Millan and company.