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APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTELY SENSED DATA IN URBAN PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF SPRAWLING METROPOLITAN
CITY D.KAUR, V.AGRAWAL & S.SOHANI Devi
Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, |
1.0 INTRODUCTION The Land resources form the base for economic development of a region, and so their study in geographical perspective, are of paramount importance. As the resources are finite there is always constraint in the carrying capacity of land at a certain point of time, but complexity enters at every turn of technological advancement, which may prolong the use of resources for a longer period or may help in supporting a larger population of metropolitan sprawling cities. The main characteristic of urban change in the 20th century is fast rate of growth in population in urban centres. Rapid rise in population apparently may seem to be the main contributor to the environment degradation of sprawling metropolitan city. The land absorbed by the urban centres becomes functional and behavioural part of urban population. The present form of functions of an urban centre is outcome of long process of economic activities in the city. The functional scenario that form land use pattern is constantly changing phenomenon. It changes not only according to the urban needs but the various forces working in service field also affect land use intensively and the problem related with urban sprawl is inefficiency of land use. The evaluation of land use pattern or the amount of land occupied and utilized by different and specified activity system is essential. The rate of change in the functionary system of a metropolitan city is very high. So the information regarding them will be undergoing rapid changes. Therefore, the method of collecting reliable information should be adopted. The techniques of remote sensing and GIS has proved much superior in respect of collecting environmental geographical data. In the area of information or the data gathering, the modern aerial and space remote sensing and GIS provides fast, accurate, repetitive and efficient tool. GIS is a system for handling spatial and non-spatial data of potentials available in metropolitan city, existing land use, land values, demographic and socio-economic activities of sprawling metropolitan cities. 2.0 STUDY AREA o 43’ N latitude and 75 o 48’ E longitudes and at a average height of 550 mts.
from the sea level. It covers an area of 214 sq. km. as per census of
1991. |
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inhabited, by the population of 11.09 lac as per 1991 census and in Jan. 1999 (Naidunia Paper) population of 3.0 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study is to investigate the fast growth of dominant population in the city area and its behaviour. More specially resource potential characteristics of migration in the study area in time space framework. • To study present socio-economic infrastructure of the region to evaluate economic potentials. • To evaluate function hierarchy of service centres (wards) and to what extent has the metropolitan influence distorted, the functional hierarchy of the region. • To suggest best possible remedial measures for regional planning. 4.0 DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY For present study data is acquired by primary and secondary sources both. Secondary sources are topographical sheet no. 46 N/11, 46 N/12 on scale 1:50,000 surveyed in 1967, IRS - IC satellite imagery, GIS including census and statistical handbooks, 1981 and 1991, hierarchy of different amenities and services available in 69 wards has been analyzed with the help of following formula – Wi = N/Fi Where:- Wi = The weightage of ith function N = Total No. of wards Fi
= No. of wards having ith function. |
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In this method weightage has been assigned to different function available in different wards on the principle greater the scarcity of services the higher is importance. The score for each function in a ward is added to derive composite score. After calculating the composite score for 45 services, relative weights were assigned and ranking of services was done. After the analysis, developmental policies which are motivated by both, process of urbanization and aim of avoiding or solving economic and social problems within the study areas. 5.0 DISCUSSION AND FINDING Indore has emerged as a major commercial, industrial cultural and historical metropolitan city of Madhya Pradesh as well as in central India. Till the end of fifteenth century Indore was situated as a small village (fig. 1) between Khan and Saraswati river, which is now known as juni Indore. In the year 1818, government had invited Sir Petric Geddis, the famous town planner to build development plan of the city and the plan was implemented by the municipal corporation in the year 1924. In the same year Indore city improvement trust has been established that has developed Snehlata Ganj, Palasia and Manoramaganj area. Holkar administration made distinct efforts to develop the Indore city. Somehow they were succeeded in making Indore beautiful, planned and amenity facilitate city. The stress of sprawling population of Indore metropolis confirms city sprawl. Indore metropolitan has recorded highest growth rate of population among the big cities of Madhya Pradesh. In the last four decades the growth rate of population was 1961-71 (54.37%) followed by 1971-81 (44.68%) and 1981-91 (37.78%) respectively (fig.2). As per Naidunia Paper news information, that the population of Indore city has crossed 20 lac or increase of 81.32% respectively. The stress of fast growing population has compelled the administration to chalk out new plan of development, which provides basic infrastructure facilities. In 1956 the area of city was 55.8 sq. km. In the year 1972 a
framework of development plan has been prepared under Madhya Pradesh Nagar
Niwesh Act. 1968. |
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The impact of urbanization is more on surrounding villages and looking to the need of development of city area 27 villages were incorporated in the municipal corporation of Indore. The increase in the area was 112.54% (113.52 sq. km.) After a short span of three years the area of Indore city extended again by 80.4% (214 sq. km). Unfortunately this area has not been included in 1981, maps of district census handbook. After a long period of, twenty-two years (1976-1998), seventeen villages having an area of 86 sq. km. (40.19%) and the population 46,415 persons are incorporated in the boundary of, the municipal corporation of Indore Metropolis in 16 Dec, 1998. Thus the total area of Indore Metropolitan is 300 sq. km. The total increase of urban area in Indore Tahsil 1967-1998 is 716.53%. Out of which 437.63% is of Indore metropolis and rest is of two small emerging towns Rau and Hatod. Urban land use is a constantly changing phenomenon and changes not only according to urban needs but various forces working in the service field also affect land use intensively. Urban land use system is a reflection of capacity and requirement of socio-economic system of urban centre and also the potentiality of future development planning. To study the infra-structural disparity in different wards it is essential to study the present structure of amenities and services available in 69 wards of Indore metropolis. 45 functions were included to assess functional hierarchy, relating to education, health services, communication, trade and commerce and administration. On the basis of ranking the composite functional score of 69 wards, functional hierarchy is identified and breaks noted. On the basis of breaks four tier hierarchy has been found (fig. 3). In class 1 hierarchy level functional score ranges from 150-250, having three wards 40, 41, and 42 wards. All the three wards have maximum commercial land use, two professional colleges and one university are functioning in these wards. In the second level of hierarchy functional score ranges 95-100 also included three wards (3,29 & 44). Out of these (3,29 & 44 wards) 29 no. ward is wholly intervened by commercial activity. The whole area of ward no.44, land use is mainly commercial and residential and only one function telegraph added 69 weighted score that give rise to level of hierarchy. But on the contrary, in ward no.3 residential area is more but due to the availability of airport
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flying club, the functional score rises. Rest, of the fifty wards have functional score below fifty. In these wards mainly land use is residential with low level of commercial infrastructure and conditions and density is much better than other wards except ward numbers 1, 2, 38, 39 & 60. In these wards most of the area is occupied by slums and low income group residential area. The problem related with urban sprawl is inefficiency of land use and the other pattern of development is totally changed in expansion area. CBD area around Rajwada having totally commercial land use pattern and the value of land is 1500 to 4000 rupees per square feet. One km. outer area from CBD, the land cost reduces 1000 to 1200 rupees per sq. feet respectively. The environmental sustainability present better in new posh colonies in the outskirts of expanded city. The progressive loss of farmlands specially high fertile land is seen in the development of these colonies. Spatial changes began when the land owner sold their land to make more profit or they themselves became colonizers and sold their land for different purposes i.e. residential commercial and industrial. On the contrary residential colony area near graduate and post-graduate institutions and university is densely populated and rent is very high. One room set rent ranges from 800 to 1200 rupees per month. The colonies like Sudama Nagar, Rajendra Nagar land value is reduced to 200-450 rupees per square feet and in slum area- Pancham Ki Phel, Goma Ki Phel, Katkatpura and South Toda land value is 40-120 rupees per sq. feet. The other variables like educational structure, working population, living conditions and intensity, conveyance facility open space and amusement places that determine, the quality of life in Indore metropolis. The intensive functional analysis of potential available in different wards provides bases to frame development plan that remove infra-structural disparities in the wards. The developmental plan must include mainly effective transport network, water supply, sewage and affective sanitation infrastructure. Development plan must be action oriented, integrated and
flexible according to local spatial conditions. |
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6.0 CONCLUSIONS Following conclusions have been drawn from analysis of problem. The city sprawl confirms the sprawling population, which is over 11 lac, in 1991 census and now it is 20 lac. This also suggests high degree of urbanization. Urban sprawl take place at the cost of fertile agricultural land and sprawling city reduces land use efficiency. The functional hierarchy of different services in various wards is based on the principle that the greater is scarcity of a function, higher the centrality index and also shows regional disparity. Instead of developing new service and amenities in wards it will be better a plan to develop existing infrastructure. Housing problem is acute and rent is high. Northeastern and southwestern & CBD part is invented by industrial and commercial establishment and subsequently by experiences congestion and deterioration in process, there has been shift of land use. At last on the basis of present potential infrastructure a developmental plan framed on the principles of optimum
and multiple use of land. |
